Resumen: El principal objetivo de este trabajo es pensar el concepto de meditación en la filosofía de Ortega y Gasset. La meditación es la esencia de la filosofía para Ortega. Meditar y filosofar son sinónimos. La filosofía no es mera teoría, sino que implica también práctica. El elemento teórico sólo tiene sentido cuando surge de la vida, pero ante todo la teoría sólo vale si vale para vivir. El ser humano para Ortega piensa porque vive, pero lo fundamental es que (...) piensa para vivir. Sólo los pensamientos que se alcanzan viviendo tienen valor para vivir. La meditación filosófica está siempre supeditada a la vida.The principal aim of this work is to think the concept of meditation in the Ortega y Gasset’s philosophy. For Ortega, meditation is the essence of philosophy. To meditate and to philosophize are synonymous. Philosophy isn’t simply theory, but it also implies practice. The theoretical element only makes sense when it arises from life, but above all theory only have value if it have value for life. For Ortega, human being thinks because he lives, but is fundamental that he thinks for life. Only thoughts reached by living have value for life. Philosophical meditation is always subordinated to life. (shrink)

En la «Introducción» de El conflicto de las facultades, Kant expone el modo en que tiene que organizarse la Universidad con vistas a satisfacer el legítimo interés del Estado, que no es otro que el de “gobernar”. En cierta manera, podría considerarse que, en éste y otros textos, Kant ensaya la respuesta a la pregunta, nunca formulada explícitamente en ninguno, ‘¿qué significa “gobernar”?’ La respuesta va a estar en la crítica de la erudición, un conocimiento a medio camino entre el (...) saber y la virtud. (shrink)

This paper consists of two parts. In the first part, I shall expound the kantian concept of paradox and its three different senses, the anthropological, the rhetorical and the metaphysical. In the second part, I shall examine the presence of these senses of paradox in Kant’s texts about Enlightenment. The paradox of immaturity consists of the fact that we are responsible, as human beings, and non-responsible, as subjects of a State, of the exit from it. Another formulation of the same (...) paradox, but in dynamical and metaphysical terms, is that of heautocracy, the paradox of self-constraint, which implies that the subject is at the same time active and passive. Finally, the opposition between public and private use of reason also seems paradoxical, since private use seems to be a prejudiced use while public use seems to be free and reasonable as such. (shrink)

Convengamos en que el sistema no es algo adjetivo o sobrevenido. No es algo ‘metodológico’, como suele decirse. En realidad, el sistema “es lo más alto y esencial” (HEIDEGGER, M. Schellings Abhandlung über das Wesen der menschlichen Freiheit (1809). Tübingen, Max Niemeyer, 1971, p. 29). Esto, sin embargo, no significa que toda filosofía tenga sistema. Como recuerda Heidegger (1971, p. 32-3), la filosofía griega carecía de sistema, que gana su apogeo con la filosofía moderna y con el particular devenir metódico (...) de la misma. En Foucault, en cambio, habría que buscar una honda preocupación por el sistema (tal es, nos parece, la tesis fundamental de la obra que reseñamos) pero que, quizás marcada por Heidegger, ha tenido lugar casi siempre contra este su cuño moderno que es el método. No es casual por tanto que Foucault haya querido volver la mirada sobre esta época sin centrarse en el método pero sí en la máthesis, demostrando con ello la potencia del orden. (shrink)

Reseña de: Møller, Sofie, Kant’s Tribunal of Reason. Legal Metaphor and Normativity in the Critique of Pure Reason, Cambridge/New York, Cambridge University Press, 2020, pp. 198. ISBN: 978-1-108-49849-4.

_Reseña de: Longuenesse, Béatrice, _I, Me, Mine. Back to Kant, and Back Again_, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2017, pp. 257. __ISBN: 978-0-19-966576-1._.

El análisis foucaultiano de la "parresía" termina su proyecto de una "historia de la verdad". La parresía muestra al ser del sujeto como sola actividad y, así, destaca el límite fundamental, que podemos encontrar en Platón por primera vez, entre el ser del hombre como éthos y el ser del hombre como téchne, que es la frontera entre la filosofía y la retórica. El propósito de este trabajo es mostrar esta contraposición en lo siguiente. La filosofía es un decir atemático (...) frente a la dependencia del tema de la retórica. La filosofía es deber, asunción de la fáctica finitud del hombre , y crítica, descubrimiento de la necesidad del decir... verdadero en el juego del alma y de la pólis. La filosofía es exposición al peligro que supone la descomposición de la pólis, frente al aseguramiento de la posición más ventajosa en ella.Foucault's analysis of "parrhesy" ends his project of a "history of the truth". The parrhesy shows the being of the subject as only activity and, thus, it points out the essential limit between the subject's being as éthos and the subject's being as téchne. That is, it points out the border, which we can find first in Plato, between philosophy and rethoric . The purpose of this paper is to show that philosophy is un-thematized as opposed to the dependence of the theme of rhetoric. Philosohy is duty, the acknowledgment of the factical finitude of man , and criticism, the discovery of the need of truth-telling in the... game of the soul and the pólis. Philosophy is the exposition to the danger that means the decadence of the pólis, as opposed to the assurance of the more advantageous position in it. (shrink)

El Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior (EEES) establece que el aprendizaje debe estar centrado en el estudiante. Partiendo de este enunciado, el artículo explica cómo la gamificación puede ser una técnica pedagógica que propicie el ansiado cambio en la docencia universitaria hacia donde marca el EEES. Este trabajo presenta el diseño de una metodología de gamificación sencilla y fácil de implementar en un Grado de Ingeniería utilizando Kahoot! como herramienta y su evolución a lo largo de tres cursos académicos. Los (...) resultados indican que los alumnos ven más atractiva la asignatura, aumenta el seguimiento y mejoran sus resultados académicos. (shrink)

J. Butler has dealt with politics and the problem of social transformation since her early works. Her interest in these topics has been linked to the phenomenology of field, but her work has also been linked to psychoanalysis, with which she has had a fruitful dialogue. In this paper, I show, firstly, that a field is marked and receives its necessary mobility from the constitutive outside. Secondly, I show that Butler makes a “à la Freud” reading of the psyche which (...) she interprets as a field traversed by the economy of melancholy. Melancholy is not a psychic phenomenon but a structure and a fundamental event of the psyche and its formation. This event inaugurates a field marked by the ambivalence between the loss of the Other and the interpellation open to the Other, and marked by vulnerability as well, since the activity of agency and the passivity of receptivity cannot be distinguished. This indistinguishability or ambivalence is thought by Butler to be the starting point for a different way of doing politics. (shrink)

This article explores a literary tradition situated at the intersection of scientific reports, memoirs, and creative writing, termed “clinical narrative.” This genre offers a profound approach to the painful aspects of conscious experience, particularly the phenomenological states associated with mental illness and brain disease, seen as unsettling landscapes of phenomenal experience. Through case studies providing multifaceted viewpoints – first-person, second-person, and third-person perspectives – we argue that clinical narratives are valuable resources for a transepistemic study of consciousness. By examining clinical (...) conundrums such as somatic and nihilistic delusions, and anosognosia, we highlight the importance of detailed phenomenological, hermeneutic, and narrative accounts while acknowledging the significance of subpersonal, mechanistic models from cognitive and affective neuroscience. The tradition embodies the tension between the diverse perspectives in the field of mental health, including stories that directly challenge the medical discourse. However, the narrative arts can act as mediators or even peacemakers, by fostering an understanding between the opposing views. Stories are open to multiple interpretations, preserving the diversity of discourses on human meaning and avoiding the imposition of monolithic versions of our humanness. (shrink)

Our purpose in this paper is to contribute to a practice-based characterization of scientific inference. We want to explore whether Brandom’s pragmatist–inferentialist framework can suitably accommodate several types of ampliative inference common in scientific reasoning and explanation (probabilistic reasoning, abduction and idealisation). First, we argue that Brandom’s view of induction in terms of merely permissive inferences is inadequate; in order to overcome the shortcoming of Brandom’s proposal, we put forward an alternative conception of inductive, probabilistic reasoning by appeal to the (...) notion of degrees of commitment. Moreover, we examine the sorts of inferential commitments operative in other types of ampliative inferences, such as abduction or reasoning involving idealizations and assumptions. We suggest that agents engaging in these forms of reasoning often undertake restricted inferential commitments, whose scope and reach are more limited that in the case of the commitments associated with full beliefs. (shrink)

Since the mid-20th century, the study of Self-Regulated Learning has aimed to identify the distinctive characteristics that enable individuals to acquire new knowledge and skills under their control. The theory of Internal Self-Regulation vs. External-Regulation in Learning has postulated that a large number of self-regulatory variables are mediated by regulated/non-regulated or dysregulated features of the context. After signing their informed consent, a total of 616 university students completed validated instruments of SRL vs. ERL, behavioral regulation, regulatory teaching, and metacognitive study (...) control strategies. Using an ex-post facto design and correlation, regression, structural equation model and mediation analyses, the present research aimed to establish multicausal predictive relationships among the analyzed variables. Results indicated positive predictive effects between the external regulation variables on the self-regulation variables in learning [regulation /non-regulation /dysregulation ]; as well as positive predictive effects between SRL on SRB, RT and metacognitive SRS. Additionally, external regulation not only predicted but mediated numerous relations among the variables studied. Other findings and important considerations for future research in the field of self-regulation are discussed. (shrink)

El artículo 270.2 del Código penal español hace responsables a los prestadores de servicios intermediarios cuando existe una facilitación activa y no neutral de un comportamiento infractor en las obras protegidas por copyright. Ello se ha traducido en un mecanismo incierto que fomenta la colaboración acrítica con los titulares del copyright sin ponderar de forma adecuada la creatividad social a través del uso transformativo de la obra. Este artículo propone un análisis de la autoría como signo distintivo con la finalidad (...) de corregir esta incertidumbre normativa mediante una interpretación restrictiva del derecho de uso exclusivo eliminando los usos derivados como fuente generadora de una obligación de actuar, y a la vez, reconociendo la necesidad de un mecanismo de contra-notificación que permita al supuesto infractor una defensa efectiva de sus intereses sin que ello implique la pérdida de la condición de actor neutral. (shrink)

The objective of this research is to develop accurate forecasting models for chlorophyll-α concentrations at various depths in El Mar Menor, Spain. Chlorophyll-α plays a crucial role in assessing eutrophication in this vulnerable ecosystem. To achieve this objective, various deep learning forecasting techniques, including long short-term memory, bidirectional long short-term memory and gated recurrent uni networks, were utilized. The models were designed to forecast the chlorophyll-α levels with a 2-week prediction horizon. To enhance the models’ accuracy, a sliding window method (...) combined with a blocked cross-validation procedure for time series was also applied to these techniques. Two input strategies were also tested in this approach: using only chlorophyll-α time series and incorporating exogenous variables. The proposed approach significantly improved the accuracy of the predictive models, no matter the forecasting technique employed. Results were remarkable, with |$\overline{\sigma}$| values reaching approximately 0.90 for the 0.5-m depth level and 0.80 for deeper levels. The proposed forecasting models and methodologies have great potential for predicting eutrophication episodes and acting as decision-making tools for environmental agencies. Accurate prediction of eutrophication episodes through these models could allow for proactive measures to be implemented, resulting in improved environmental management and the preservation of the ecosystem. (shrink)

Se examina el trasfondo subjetivo de Respuesta a la pregunta: ¿qué es la ilustración?, que anuncia la condición antropológico-política de la minoría de edad; mostrán-dose que su objetivo es lograr la ilustración del Estado a partir de dicha condición. Finalmente, se expone cómo la minoría de edad es la traslación antropológica del despotismo político, y cómo este se traduce lógico-subjetivamente en los prejuicios.

La idea del sentido del mundo antes de todo filosofar, de Husserl, implica dar un paso atrás de la reflexión del Ego filosofante, ir al ámbito pre- reflexivo (no- eidético); sin embargo, aunque Husserl sí da un paso atrás revisando profundamente los procesos de las síntesis pasivas en los que el Ego no está posicionado, a nivel del registro de la fantasía y de la percepción —por lo que podría haber realizado una descentralización del Ego trascendental—, regresa al Ego filosofante (...) buscando expresar, en el modo de la evidencia eidética de la conciencia, el sentido pre- reflexivo ganado en los procesos de correlación intencional operante de las síntesis pasivas. La tesis de este ensayo es que, de las dos vías epistemológicas presentes en la filosofía de Husserl, la vía epistémica del Ego trascendental (el “camino cartesiano”, como él le llama), se impone por sobre la vía del Husserl de las vivencias (el “camino del mundo-de-la-vida”, como lo definirá en Crisis), en lo que respecta a su idea del sentido del mundo antes de todo filosofar, a pesar de sus implicaciones pre- reflexivas. (shrink)

Achieving a comfortable thermal situation within buildings with an efficient use of energy remains still an open challenge for most buildings. In this regard, IoT (Internet of Things) and KDD (Knowledge Discovery in Databases) processes may be combined to address these problems, even though data analysts may feel overwhelmed by heterogeneity and volume of the data to be considered. Data analysts could benefit from an application assistant that supports them throughout the KDD process and aids them to discover which are (...) the relevant variables for the matter at hand, or informing about relationships among relevant data. In this article, the EEPSA (Energy Efficiency Prediction Semantic Assistant) ontology which supports such an assistant is presented. The ontology is developed on the basis that a proper axiomatization shapes the set of admitted models better, and therefore, establishes the ground for a better interoperability. On the contrary, underspecification facilitates the admission of non-isomorphic models to represent the same state which hampers interoperability. This ontology is developed on top of three ODPs (Ontology Design Patterns) which include proper axioms in order to improve precedent proposals to represent features of interest and their respective qualities, as well as observations and actuations, the sensors and actuators that generate them, and the procedures used. Moreover, the ontology introduces six domain ontology modules integrated with the ODPs in such a manner that a methodical customization is facilitated. (shrink)

The "people of knowledge" of traditional Mazatec medicine have preserved until today the ritual use of psilocybin mushrooms as part of their health care systems. The renewed interest in the effect of psilocybin on human consciousness for both therapeutic and recreational purposes usually obviates the historical and cultural background of indigenous peoples, as well as the legitimation of their practices and knowledge. In this article, through the case study of a foreign person who attended a Mazatec ritual specialist to participate (...) in a ritual night ceremony known as velada, we show the importance of approaching research on psychoactive plants and mushrooms from a transdisciplinary and intercultural perspective, so that we can appreciate the profound complexity of the healing processes that take place in traditional indigenous contexts, as well as the limits of recreational uses or exclusively neopositivist and clinical approaches. (shrink)

Traditionally, liberals have confined religion to the sphere of the ‘private’ or ‘non-political’. However, recent debates over the place of religious symbols in public spaces, state financing of faith schools, and tax relief for religious organisations suggest that this distinction is not particularly useful in easing the tension between liberal commitments to equality on the one hand, and freedom of religion on the other. This article deals with one aspect of this debate, which concerns whether members of religious communities should (...) receive exemptions from regulations that place a distinctively heavy burden on them. Drawing on Habermas’ understanding of churches as ‘communities of interpretation’, we explore possible alternatives to both the ‘rule-and-exemption’ approach and the ‘neutralist’ approach. Our proposal rests on the idea of mutual learning between secular and religious perspectives. On this interpretation, what is required is (i) the generation and maintenance of public spaces in which there could be discussion and dialogue about particular cases, and (ii) evaluation of whether the basic conditions of moral discourse are present in these spaces. Thus deliberation becomes a touchstone for the building of a shared democratic ethos. (shrink)

Although US and European research has documented improvement in earnings quality associated with corporate governance characteristics, the situation in Latin America is questionable, given the business environment in which firms operate, which is characterized by controlling family ownership and weak legal protection. The purpose of this study is to examine the relation between the internal mechanisms of Corporate Governance and Earnings Management measured by discretionary accrual. We use a sample of listed Latin American non-financial companies from the period 2006–2009. Our (...) results show how in the Latin American context the role of external directors is limited and that Boards which meet more frequently take a more active position in the monitoring of insiders, so showing a lower use of manipulative practices. In addition, we find a non-linear relation between insider ownership and discretionary accruals, also pointing to the fact that ownership concentration may be a manipulative practices constrictor mechanism only when the ownership of main shareholders is moderate. The findings have important policy implications since this is, to the best of our knowledge, the first study to analyze the relation between the effectiveness of the government and the earnings management behavior. As policy implications, we document how when a country implements controls aimed at reducing corruption, strengthening the rule of law or improving the effectiveness of government, this leads to a reduction in firm earnings management. (shrink)